INFLUENCE OF CHILD TRAFFICKING ON PERSONALITY AND ACADEMIC ADJUSTMENT AMONG JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN EDO STATE, NIGERIA

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		Page
TITLE PAGE		i
DECLARATION		ii
CERTIFICATION		iii
DEDICATION		iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT		V
ABSTRACT		Vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS		vii
LIST OF TABLES		x
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS		xi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1	Background to the Study	1
1.2	Statement of the Problem	4
1.3	Objectives of the Study	5
1.4	Research Questions	5
1.5	Research Hypotheses	6
1.6	Basic Assumptions	6
1.7	Significance of the Study	7
1.8	Scope and Delimitation of the Study	8

vii

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1	Introduction	9
2.2	Conceptual Framework	10
2.2.1	Concept of Personality	10
2.2.1.1Concept of Personality Psychological Stress		13
2.2.1.2 Concept of Personality Depression		21
2.2.2	Concept of Child Trafficking	25
2.2.3	Concept of Academic Adjustment	38
2.3	Theoretical Framework	43
2.3.1 Hans Eysenck Personality Theory		43
2.3.2.1 Bandura and Lewin Theory of adjustment		45
2.3.2.2 Sigmund Freud Psychodynamic Theory of Adjustment		46
2.3.3.1 Aaron Beck Cognitive Theory of Depression		47
2.3.4.1. Stress Psychosocial Theory by Sherif and Sherif		48
2.4	Review of Empirical Studies	49
2.5	Summary of Review of Related Literature	57
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.0	Introduction	58
3.1	Research Design	58
3.2	Population	58
3.3	Sample and Sampling Techniques	60

viii

3.4	Instrumentation	61
3.4.1	Scoring Procedure	61
3.4.2	Validation of the Instrument	62
3.4.3	Reliability of the Instrument	62
3.5	Procedure for Data Collection	63
3.6	Procedure for Data Analysis	63
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1	Introduction	65
4.2	Research Questions	66
4,3	Testing of Hypothesis	69
4.4	Summary of major findings	72
4.5	Discussions of Results	72

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1	Summary	76
5.2	Conclusions	78
5.3	Recommendations	78
5.4	Suggestions For Further Research	79
References		80
Appendices		85

	LIST OF TABLES	Page
Table 3.2.1	Statistics of school population and number of victims of
	child trafficking and their schools	59
Table 3.3.1.	Sample of victims and non-victims of child trafficking	60
Table 3.4.3.1	Showing internal consistency and Retest (stability) of
	the instruments	62
Table 4.1.1	Child Trafficking status	66
Table 4.2.1	Descriptive statistics on the differences between victims and
	non-victims of child trafficking in their personality psychological
	stress	66
Table 4.2.2	Descriptive statistics on the differences between victims and
	non-victims of child trafficking in their personality depression	67
Table 4.2.3	Descriptive statistics on the differences between victims and
	non-victims of child trafficking in their academic adjustment	68
Table 4.3.1	Independent t- test statistics on the differences between victims
	And non-victims in their psychological stress	69
Table 4.3.2	Independent t- test statistics on the differences between victims
	and non-victims in their depression level	70
Table 4.3.3	Independent t- test statistics on the differences between victims
	and non-victims in their academic adjustment level	71

Operational Definition of Terms:

Academic Adjustment: The ability of an individual to cope or fit in to teaching and learning taking place in the school.

Child Trafficking: This is the transfer of children by fraudulent means from their parents‟ home to another location for exploitative purposes.

Non – victims: Children who have never experienced trafficking and are also in school.

Personality Depression: This is a personality disorder that is marked by feelings of low self-worth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life.

Personality: The characteristic way that a person thinks, feels, and behaves; the relatively stable and predictable part of a person‟s thought and behaviour, with respect to the psychological stress and depression levels of the individual.

Personality Psychological stress: Anything that can cause an individual to feel tension, pressure, or negative emotions, such as anxiety and anger.

Victims: Children who have experienced trafficking but have been rescued and are now in school.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

All over the world, the birth of a child is a thing of joy. Children therefore occupy a special position in the life of any family or nation. In African tradition as well as Nigeria and Edo state in particular, the importance of children cannot be over emphasized. In the old days, the task of caring and bringing up a child was not only that of the parents, but also the entire community. In those days parents and guardians treat their children with much love and affection. They fended for the children, give attention to their needs, and protect their interests in the cultural and social lives of the community. The above fact is without prejudice to the many forces and conditions in our society today, which violate the complete development of children and the unfolding of their potentials. One of these conditions that militate against the well – being of the child these days is child trafficking (Odigie & Chinenye 2008)

Child trafficking is a phenomenon that is currently generating a lot of concern globally, in African countries like Nigeria and Edo State in particular, where it is highly prevalent. It is the third largest criminal activity in the world today after arms and drug trafficking (Tola, 2008). In the last decade, child trafficking has considerably increased throughout the world and most especially in Nigeria. Every year, millions of children are misled or forced to submit to servitude. The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000), recognized children‟s rights, and has provided a legal basis to combat child trafficking. But their scope is limited by the lack of a clear and publicly accepted definition of child trafficking in West Africa, where the terms “trafficking”, “abduction” or “Sales of children” have different meanings in different countries.

The United Nations Palermo Protocol (2000), with its definition of trafficking, provides useful guidelines for law reforms and the criminalization of this practice. According to Article 3

of the protocol, trafficking in persons shall mean the illegal recruitment, transportation and transfer of persons especially less than 18 years for the purpose of exploitation. By this definition, trafficking in persons is therefore, envisaged as the transfer of persons by fraudulent

means for exploitative purposes. According to United Nations Children‟s Fund (UNICEF) (2007), children are trafficked for the purpose of domestic services, prostitution and other forms of exploitative labour (UNICEF, 2007). There has been a serious concern about the causes of child trafficking in Africa as a whole and Nigeria as a country and Edo State in particular. UNICEF (2007) has identified poverty, large family size, and rapid urbanization among others as the major factors why many Nigerian children and Edo State in particular are vulnerable to trafficking.

In recent times, child trafficking has come to be considered as a social problem of significant scope, which had attracted much international attention and interest. Child trafficking does not only exist in Edo State in Nigeria, but is a global issue that has cut across all socio – economic groups as reported by United Nations Children‟s Fund (UNICEF, 2002). Furthermore, the search for greener pasture or white collar jobs in the cities resulted in a massive movement from rural areas to the urban centres, therefore, most parents engage in daily pursuit without regarding the conditions their children have been subjected to. Child trafficking may affect the personality of the victims, which may lead to the manifestation of certain personality traits and disorders.

Personality is the unique psychological qualities of an individual that influences a variety of characteristic behaviour patterns (both overt and covert) across different situations and over

time (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2002). Personality is the characteristic way that a person thinks, feels, and behaves; the relatively stable and predictable part of a person‟s thought and behaviour, it includes conscious attitudes, values, and styles as well as unconscious conflicts and defense mechanisms (Miller & Keane, 2003). According to Nolen-Hoeksema (2011), personality disorders are sets of disorders that are inflexible and maladaptive and cause either functional impairment or subjective distress and that some of such disorders may include depression and psychological stress. Auerbach and Gramling (2009), believed that certain personality disorders such as depression and psychological stress may present an unpleasant state of emotional and physiological arousal that people experience in situations that they perceive as dangerous or threatening to their well-being. These victims that are now in schools may be having flashbacks of their unpleasant past experiences which may eventually affect their mental ability and concentration in school. Cohen (2009), opined that personality traits such as depression may give rise to mental illnesses in which a person experiences deep, unshakeable sadness and diminished interest in nearly all things including learning.

Child trafficking may affect students‟ academic adjustment, which may lead to total disruption of teaching and learning in school. Academic adjustment means to fit in, modify, or to respond to teaching and learning in the school. Therefore, academic adjustment according to Olagunju (1998) is a situation in which an individual is able to cope with pleasant and unpleasant situations within his/her school environment without having psychological behaviour disorders. Victims of child trafficking may also show or display habits such as withdrawal, excessive aggression, shy or one form of maladjustment or the other. Hence, there is need for these children to be properly rehabilitated and re-integrated into the school system because their successes in negotiating these challenges predict school success.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Edo state, the „Heart beat of Nigeria‟, has been labeled as “the endemic source of child trafficking in Nigeria” (Braimah 2013). As a result of this negative label, a number of international organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have intervened to combat the menace in the state. Despite these interventions, child trafficking is still very rife in the area.

Information gathered by the researcher (based on interactions with some villagers and individuals in Edo state) showed that victims of child trafficking are not always willing to go back to school after they have been rescued and recovered from the trafficking chain. From the interactions, the villagers disclosed that victims when recovered from the traffickers exhibit certain unpleasant characteristics which were not common to them before they were trafficked. Such characteristics they said include: social exclusion, intolerance, sadness, despair and lack of interest and pleasure in nearly everything that would ordinarily excite young individual. They also noted that even if these victims are kept in school, some of them may withdraw (have drop-out tendencies) on their own. Based on these observations and revelations from these individuals, the researcher is prompted to embark on investigating the phenomenon. If researchers and educationists understand the level of influence of child trafficking on personality and academic adjustment among secondary school students, ways and means could be devised to boost the personality of the victims and enhance their academic adjustment, so that they would be able to stay in school for proper education and re-integration into the society. Based on the background therefore, the researcher is prompted to investigate the

topic” Influence of child trafficking on personality and academic adjustment among Junior Secondary School students in Edo state.”

1.3 Objective of the Study

The objectives of this study are:

To examine the influence of child trafficking between victims and non-victims in their personality psychological stress level among Junior Secondary School students in Edo state.

To examine the influence of child trafficking between victims and non-victims in their personality depression level among Junior Secondary School students in Edo state

To examine the influence of childtrasfficking between victims and non-victims in their academic adjustment among Junior Secondary School students in Edo state.

1.4 Research Questions

In order to guide this investigation, the following research questions are formulated:

What is the difference between victims and non-victims of child trafficking in their personality psychological stress among Junior Secondary Scholl students in Edo state?

What is the difference between victims and non-victims of child trafficking in their personality depression among Junior Secondary School students in Edo state?

What is the difference between victims and non-victims of child trafficking in their academic adjustment among Junior Secondary School students in Edo state?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following hypothetical statements are drawn for the purpose of this study.

There is no significant difference between victims and non-victims of child trafficking in their personality psychological stress among Junior Secondary School students in Edo state.

There is no significant difference between victims and non-victims of child trafficking in their personality depression among Junior Secondary School students in Edo state.

There is no significant difference between victims and non-victims of child trafficking in their academic adjustment among Junior Secondary School students in Edo state.

1.6 Basic Assumptions

The following assumptions are made for the purpose of this study:

Significant difference may exist between victims and non-victims of child trafficking in their personality psychological stress among Junior Secondary School students in Edo state.

Significant difference may exist between victims and non-victims of child trafficking in their personality depression among Junior Secondary School students in Edo state.

Significant difference may exist between victims and non-victims of child trafficking in their academic adjustment among Junior Secondary School students in Edo state.

1.7 Significance of the Study

It is hoped that the findings of this research work will be beneficial to classroom teachers in methodology as a result of individual differences among students. The findings of this study would enable classroom teachers to effectively handle victims of child trafficking for optimal adjustment to teaching and learning in the school.

School psychologists and counsellors would also find this study useful in behaviour managerment and counselling of victims and even non-victims of child trafficking. Policy makers and educationists have a lot to gain from this research in terms of curriculum planning and development, taking into consideration children who are victims of child trafficking.

Also, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as well as UNICEF would find this research useful in providing intervention programmes for victims of child trafficking. Government and parents stand to benefit from the findings of this research.

The government can make use of the recommendations of this study through its agency, such as the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persopns (NAPTIP) to reduce the incidences of child trafficking.

Victims and non-victims of child trafficking would as well benefit from this study by being sensitized on the effects and dangers of child trafficking which are all contained in this work. This will prepare and equip them against any deceit from any trafficking agent

Similarly, it is hoped that the findings of this study will be significant to the society in general. This is because if the society is aware of the detrimental effects and dangers posed by child trafficking on personality and academic adjustment of the victims who are in school, society itself can mount campaign to frustrate the efforts of traffickers, trafficking agents and trafficking chains.

Finally, it is hoped that future researchers would also find this work of immense importance, as it would serve as reference material for their own work.

1.8 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study covers all the Junior Secondary Schools (JSS) in Edo state. Male and female students who are victims of child trafficking presently in JSS classes form the population of this research work. Record from Ministry of Education, Edo state shows that ten (10) designated schools have victims of child trafficking in the state, with a total population of 132 students.

Scales were adopted to measure the level of psychological stress and depression as well as academic adjustment of victims of child trafficking in Junior Secondary Schools in Edo state. It is the desire of the researcher to include students of Senior Secondary Schools in the study but due to time constrain the study has to be limited to only Junior Secondary Schools. More importantly, it is assumed that some of the students at the Senior Secondary School level are above 18 years, that is above adolescent age. Whereas the age group of students at JSS level in mainly adolescent. As we all know, adolescents are more emotionally challenged than any other age group, this is due to their stage of development. Therefore, the scope of this research is restricted to children not more than 18 years

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INFLUENCE OF CHILD TRAFFICKING ON PERSONALITY AND ACADEMIC ADJUSTMENT AMONG JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN EDO STATE, NIGERIA

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